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  • How to Lower Your Antagonism Score in Europa Universalis 5 by Completing and Solving

    How to Lower Your Antagonism Score in Europa Universalis 5 by Completing and Solving

    When trying to build a new country and your neighbor’s stronger nation takes some land from others, it’s natural to feel threatened. This feeling isn’t limited to you—world leaders and those in Europa Universalis 5 will also see these actions as risky.

    Expansion is a common goal for growing nations, but claiming land from others affects how other countries perceive you. In Europa Universalis 5, hostility or antagonism isn’t taken kindly. How severe the backlash is depends on how much land you take, but expect some consequences regardless.

    Antagonism Overview

    The main sign of increased antagonism in Europa Universalis 5 is if you’ve recently claimed land from another country. It’s normal for countries to want to expand, especially when playing through different periods of history. However, taking land from others can upset those nations and their allies.

    If you played Europa Universalis 4, you’re probably familiar with “Aggressive Expansion”—it’s very similar to what EU5 calls Antagonism.

    Antagonism mainly influences other countries’ opinions of you, leading them to view you poorly. As a result, other nations will be less willing to engage in diplomacy. They might even pull their allies away from your alliances, which could limit your trade routes and access to markets.

    You’ll also see your Antagonism score rise every time you declare a rivalry. Not only will the rival nation be upset, but the world will notice your aggressive stance, especially as you condemn other countries in your political actions.

    Coalitions See Other Countries Defend Each Other Against You

    If you keep antagonizing your neighbors, other nations might form coalitions against you. This typically happens when your Antagonism level reaches 50 with several nearby countries, making you a real threat.

    Countries tend to band together if they share culture or religion with the ones you’re attacking. For example, if you’re targeting a Catholic country, other Catholic nations nearby will often see you as a threat and join forces to oppose you.

    Coalitions are mostly for defense. When nations form these alliances, they promise to support each other if you attack one of their members. This can turn what seems like a small conflict into a much larger and more dangerous war.

    Choosing your battles wisely is essential because members of a coalition will defend each other fiercely. Attacking into coalition territory usually results in quick and brutal battles, so being too aggressive can lead to serious problems.

    It’s smarter to prevent coalition formation by managing your diplomatic relationships as you expand. If your actions are balanced, other nations are less likely to see you as a threat in the first place.

    How To Lower Antagonism

    Since Antagonism is based on how other countries see you, the best way to reduce it is to improve diplomatic ties. Avoid attacking lands that already view you unfavorably, as such actions will only increase your negative reputation and cause lasting problems.

    The most effective way to lower your Antagonism score is to send diplomats to other countries that see you as hostile. These diplomats will work to improve your reputation, making other nations view you more favorably and lowering their hostility toward you.

    You can also develop the lands you’ve claimed. Improving your territories through development efforts shows other nations that you’re a responsible leader, which can help reduce hostility. Make sure you dismiss conflicts they’re involved in to keep your image positive.

    Ultimately, the best way to keep your Antagonism low is to avoid attacking other countries altogether. While this may go against your expansion plans and the goal of creating a large, prosperous nation, it helps you stay in good standing with potential enemies, preventing alliances or coalitions from forming against you later on.

  • Study Finds Milky Way Less Likely to Collide with Andromeda

    Study Finds Milky Way Less Likely to Collide with Andromeda

    Cosmic Collision: The Future of Our Galaxy

    An artistic representation illustrates a future scenario in which the Milky Way galaxy merges with the neighboring Andromeda galaxy. In approximately 3.75 billion years, this event may be visible in Earth’s night sky. — Reuters/File

    The Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy are barreling toward one another at a staggering speed of about 250,000 miles per hour (400,000 kilometers per hour), raising the possibility of a galactic collision that could drastically alter both galaxies.

    But how likely is such a cosmic crash? While earlier studies estimated a collision could happen in roughly 4 to 4.5 billion years, new research incorporating recent observations and additional variables suggests that the merger is anything but guaranteed.

    This study places the chances of a collision in the next 5 billion years at less than 2%, and about 50% in the next 10 billion years.

    Unlike the chaotic wreckage of a demolition derby, galactic mergers involve a more complex merging process on a monumental scale. "If a collision occurs, it would spell the end for both the Milky Way and Andromeda," explained Till Sawala, an astrophysicist at the University of Helsinki and lead author of the study published in Nature Astronomy on Monday. The merger would disrupt their structures and result in the formation of a new, elliptical galaxy.

    "If a merger happens, it is more likely to occur 7 to 8 billion years into the future. However, our current data do not allow us to predict the timing of such an event, if it occurs at all," added Sawala.

    Right now, the two galaxies are about 2.5 billion light-years apart. A light-year is the distance light travels in one year, which is about 5.9 trillion miles (9.5 trillion kilometers).

    The anticipated collision is so distant that Earth by that time is expected to be a dramatically different environment. Scientists predict our planet will become uninhabitable in about a billion years, as the sun heats up enough to boil away our oceans.

    The sun is just one of the billions of stars in the Milky Way. The total mass of our galaxy—including its stars, interstellar gas, and dark matter (an invisible substance revealed through its gravitational effects)—is estimated to be roughly one trillion times that of the sun.

    Andromeda’s mass and shape mirror those of the Milky Way.

    To simulate the Milky Way’s trajectory over the next 10 billion years, researchers used updated data from the Gaia and Hubble space telescopes, along with various ground-based telescopes and revised mass estimates.

    Nearby galaxies will also influence the probability of a collision. Previous studies accounted for the gravitational pull of the Triangulum galaxy, also known as Messier 33 or M33. However, this latest research also included the Large Magellanic Cloud, a smaller satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. Sawala noted, "We found that while adding M33 increases the chances of a Milky Way-Andromeda merger, including the Large Magellanic Cloud actually decreases those chances."

    Interestingly, researchers concluded that a merger between the Milky Way and the Large Magellanic Cloud is nearly certain to occur within the next 2 billion years, well before any potential collision with Andromeda.

    One significant distinction between the two galaxies is the mass of their central supermassive black holes. The Milky Way’s Sagittarius A* weighs about 4 million times that of the sun, while Andromeda’s supermassive black hole is about 100 million times the sun’s mass.

    "While direct collisions between stars are exceedingly rare, the two supermassive black holes would likely drift toward the center of the newly formed galaxy and eventually merge," remarked Sawala.

    Galactic mergers have been part of cosmic history since the universe’s early days and are especially common in regions where galaxies are clustered together. Sawala stated, "In the early universe, mergers were much more frequent, occurring shortly after the formation of the first galaxies. Minor mergers—those involving smaller galaxies—are also occurring more regularly. In fact, the Milky Way is currently merging with several dwarf galaxies."